Migrant Labor and the Kafala System in GCC States: Continuity of Exploitation or a Contemporary Form of Slavery?

Abstract

This dissertation explores the complex realities of modern labor practices in the Gulf Cooperation Council states(GCC), questioning whether they present a continuity of historical exploitation or constitute a novel form of slavery . The study uses a historical analysis to explore the historical legacy of slavery in the region and its transition into modern labor frameworks. The study then critically examines the kafala (sponsorship)system , analyzing its fundamental mechanics and their implications for migrant workers. Drawing upon survey data that captures the lived experiences of these workers and using secondary data from reports, case studies and international organizations, the dissertation analyzes the extent to which their human rights are upheld or violated. This indicates that the research follows a mixed-methods approach, combining historical analysis with survey- based quantitative data. Furthermore, it evaluates recent labor changes in the Gulf states. This work provides a refined comprehension of the challenges and complexities inherent in the Gulf’s labor environment and identifies pathways for reform to ensure more equitable and rights-respecting labor practices. The findings of the research show that migrant workers often face legal insecurity, limited access to justice, and unequal power dynamics with their sponsors which highlights persistent patterns of exploitation under the kafala system. While some reforms have been introduced their implementation remains inconsistent and often superficial.